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The Raid on Randolph Tennessee

Posted on March 28, 2020March 28, 2020 by ML Williams

This is an excerpt from a thesis by Thomas Lee Anderson on ” JOHN BENNETT WALTERS, TOTAL WAR, AND THE RAID ON RANDOLPH TENNESSEE”

Raid on Randolph Tennessee – Total War

Raid on Randolph Tennessee
Raid on Randolph Tennessee: Historical marker for Randolph, Tennessee. Marker is located in Atoka, TN on US 51. I took the photo myself, feel free to use it.

Central to Walters’ thesis about Sherman’s development of a plan to wage “total war” against the Confederacy, including its civilians, is an incident that occurred at Randolph, Tennessee in September 1862. Sherman’s actions at Randolph, Walters claims, show that the general, after learning that some shots had been fired at a Union packet boat, began to wage “total war” against the civilian population of Tipton County by “ordering that vengeance be wreaked on the town because it happened to be near the scene of the trouble.” According to Walters, Sherman responded to the report that the Union boat Eugene had come under fire near Randolph by ordering Col. C. C. Walcutt and his 46th Ohio Volunteers to burn most of the town, but to leave one house standing to mark the spot. In this way, said Walters, Sherman intended to discourage further attacks on Mississippi River boats. This action was, Walters claimed, an unrestrained use of military force against innocent civilians and it constituted a violation of the accepted rules of war. He insisted that Sherman waged “total war”—the unrestrained use of military force against a civilian population—on hapless residents of Randolph, a town in West Tennessee, in Tipton County. In Walters’s view, “all restraints were being cast aside.” But did Walters provide an accurate account of what happened at Randolph? A closer examination of the incident sheds new light on Sherman’s actions and on Tipton County in the autumn of 1862. And it also gives some new meaning to John Bennett Walters’s interpretation of the affair.

Raid on Randolph Tennessee
Raid on Randolph Tennessee: Engraving of Union gunboats passing Fort Randolph from the Tennessee State Library and Archives collection

On Tuesday, September 23, 1862, the packet boat Eugene, on its regular trip
downriver from Cairo, Illinois, to Memphis, carried freight, passengers, U.S. mail, and Union officers. According to some reports, the Eugene had freight and two passengers bound for Randolph, but other sources claim the packet boat was decoyed into landing at Randolph by a man who hailed her from shore. In any event, when the boat landed at Randolph at about 3 P.M., there was no one in sight. The ship’s clerk, Mr. Dalzell, stepped ashore and headed up the hill to find out what was afoot. Suddenly the doors flew open at one of the derelict warehouses at Randolph. Out leapt a crowd of thirty-five armed partisans, led by a certain “Col. Faulkner,” who took Dalzell into custody. Despite having a pistol held to each side of his head, Dalzell called out a warning to the Eugene. With this, the ambushers began firing at the boat as those on board attempted to take the Eugene back into the currents of the Mississippi River. Women and children poured out onto the decks to see what was happening. The captain and the pilot, who were also on deck, ducked for cover, and only the quick-thinking of the ship’s engineer, who scrambled under fire to reach the helm, allowed the Eugene to escape the armed attack. No one was injured, but there were dozens of bullet holes in the pilot house. Upon reaching Memphis that evening, the crew, along with Union officers who had been aboard, provided Gen. Sherman with a detailed report concerning the attack on the Eugene at Randolph.15 As for Mr. Dalzell, the ship’s clerk, according to the unnamed reporter for the Louisville Daily Journal, he was taken to Col. Faulkner’s camp ten miles distant from Randolph where he was threatened with hanging and finally released and escorted back to the Randolph area. The reporter pointed out that Faulkner and Dalzell were acquainted with each other through their travels on the river.

In Walters’s account, he criticized Sherman for jumping “to the conclusion that this attack was the action of guerillas, and casually brushing aside the possibility that it might have been made by Confederate soldiers.” But Walters ignored a great deal of evidence about the Randolph incident in order to level his criticisms of Sherman. For example, the attack was made in broad daylight with dozens of witnesses on board the Eugene, none of whom reported seeing Confederate soldiers. If the attackers were soldiers who were out of uniform then they were worse than guerillas, they were spies. Walters overlooked important parts of Sherman’s orders to Col. Walcutt of the 46th Ohio Volunteers. While Sherman did order Walcutt to burn the town of Randolph (with the exception of a single house), he also instructed him to “let the people know and feel that we deeply deplore the necessity of such destruction, but we must protect ourselves and the boats which are really carrying stores and merchandise for the benefit of secession families, whose fathers and brothers are in arms against us. If any extraordinary case presents itself to your consideration you may spare more than one house; but let the place feel that all such acts of cowardly firing upon boats filled with women and children and merchandise must be severely punished.” Sherman also ordered Walcutt to have his quartermaster make a list of all property destroyed in the raid along with the names of the owners so that damages could eventually be paid if warranted.

These additional details about Sherman’s orders to Walcutt mitigate the view of “Sherman-as-terrorist,” which Walters urged in this article. There are other details that Walters overlooked or, perhaps, purposely neglected. How much damage was really done at Randolph? What size town was Randolph? Were businesses targeted? Was the economic system of Tipton County attacked?


Raid on Randolph Tennessee
Raid on Randolph Tennessee: Map of the navigation channel of the Mississippi River and dikes at the location of en:Randolph, Tennessee at river mile 770 as it is included in the Navigation Bulletin No. 2 of 2006 issued by the USACE, Memphis District. The map is a partial reproduction (ca. 30%) of page 26 in the map section of the bulletin.

Raid on Randolph Tennessee – Location

Tipton County, Tennessee, where Randolph is located, was an agricultural county in the western part of the state where families raised cotton and corn and hogs, as they do today. The western boundary of the county is the Mississippi River, and at one time (before 1837) some people in Randolph hoped their town would become a major shipping point for local cotton. They aspired to compete with Memphis, a larger port forty miles downstream at the mouth of the Wolf River.

When Tennessee held its referendum on secession in June 1861, the state voted almost 3 to 1 in favor of leaving the Union. The city of Memphis did not wait for that vote; it seceded from the Union four days after the South Carolinians fired on Fort Sumter in April. In Tipton County the vote on June 8, 1861 was 943 for secession to 16 against. All 16 “no” votes were said to have come from the hamlet of Portersville, where a few Yankee families had settled. In 1862 Tipton County was a hotbed of Confederate feeling and of civilian resistance to Union efforts to pacify West Tennessee.

Raid on Randolph Tennessee – Founding of the Town

The town of Randolph was founded in the late 1820s. Despite the desire of the settlers to create a place that would become a commercial rival of Memphis, specially during the times when Memphis was struck by outbreaks of yellow fever, the depression of 1837-38 hit Randolph hard when the price of cotton sank to 8.5 cents per pound from 17 cents. In addition, a period of low water in the Hatchie River, which formed the northern and eastern boundaries of Tipton County, caused cotton to be shipped overland to Memphis rather than downriver to Randolph, creating more economic woes for the town. The town’s only bank closed in 1837, while its newspaper, the Randolph Recorder, folded that same year. Then a sand bar began to form at Randolph, a part of the natural process by which the Mississippi regularly alters its course, that made it increasingly difficult for steamboats to dock there. Moreover, the bluffs began to collapse forming a series of huge “steps” 20 to 30 feet above each other. Two other
disasters struck Randolph: The proposed railroad route through Randolph was relocated to Memphis, and a proposed canal linking the Hatchie and Tennessee rivers was killed by politics in 1832. President Andrew Jackson, and others, opposed internal improvements funded by the federal government.

Raid on Randolph Tennessee
Raid on Randolph Tennessee: Street map of Randolph, Tipton County, Tennessee, ca. 1835. Map is not to scale, but showing approximate alignment of streets. North is to the left.

According to an area resident, Randolph “was the most flourishing business river town in West Tennessee on the Mississippi.” He claimed that if the canal had been built connecting the Tennessee River with the Hatchie, Randolph’s growth would have been assured and Memphis would have remained forever, a “village at the mouth of the Wolf.” Alas, after the railroad route was lost to Memphis, Randolph’s businessmen moved
downriver to Memphis, and “Randolph as it was, is now only in name, and lives alone in the history of ‘Old Times in the Big Hatchie Country.’” By 1845, Randolph was a ghost town.

Raid on Randolph Tennessee – After the Burning

Following the opening salvos on Fort Sumter, in April 1861, a letter from an
unnamed Tipton County resident appeared in the Memphis Appeal suggesting that state authorities send troops and artillery to Randolph. In the letter the author referred to Randolph as a “near deserted village that was once the mighty arch-rival of Memphis.” Randolph was, the writer claimed, the perfect place, high on the Chickasaw bluffs, from which to defend Memphis from an attack by Union forces on the Mississippi. Tennessee Governor Isham Harris promptly dispatched Lt. Col. Marcus Wright of the 154th militia regiment at Memphis to Randolph where, on the site of the “near-deserted village,” Fort Wright/Fort Randolph was constructed. Some of the town’s derelict buildings provided lumber for the construction of warehouses, while an underground powder magazine was
dug out of the banks of the Mississippi. By early May it was reported in the Memphis Daily Appeal that 400 men were in training at Randolph. At the end of May, soon-to-be Confederate Generals John Sneed and Gideon Pillow hosted a visit to Fort Wright from several Memphis-area ladies who were “sumptuously entertained.”

During the summer of 1861 officials from the Confederate national government came to Tennessee to take control of the troops and the defenses. There was a great hue and cry from concerned citizens worried about the loss of local control, but they were mollified by both Confederate and Tennessee officials who assured them of convergent interests. In July Fort Wright was closed; the troops and equipment were moved upriver to Fort Pillow. Randolph became once again a near-deserted village along the Mississippi.


Sherman, says Walters, “exploded into action” when he heard the report of the attack on the Eugene. By nightfall on September 24, 1862, the Ohio Belle and the Eugene were filled with the Ohio 46th Volunteer Infantry along with a battalion of artillery. Sherman had suggested to Col. Walcutt, whom he placed in command of the expedition, that he send one boat past Randolph to see it would draw fire; if it did, Walcutt and his troops
would know then what they were up against at Randolph. The flotilla reached the area before daybreak on September. The Ohio Belle landed Walcutt and his troops below Randolph while the Eugene steamed up the Mississippi as far as Fort Pillow without drawing any fire. Meanwhile Walcutt and his troops reached Randolph without resistance. They found no town, only a mostly deserted village with six houses and dozens of abandoned and derelict buildings left over from Fort Wright and from older
projects at Randolph.

The soldiers let the tiny number of women residents know their orders and the reasons for Gen. Sherman’s instructions to burn their homes. The troops gave the locals a few hours to remove their belongings. A relative of one of the women later wrote that the Yankees were very helpful—there was one woman who was bedridden so they came to her assistance to move her and her possessions out of the house (and then, once she was gone, they helped themselves to such of her property as they desired). Then the soldiers burned what buildings there were in the town, except for the single structure Sherman had ordered to be left standing. Although it was a sad and stressful day for a few West Tennesseans, the assault on Randolph cannot be said to be a prime example of what Walters—and later historians—would call “total war.”

[Anderson, Thomas Lee, August 2009, John Bennett Walters, Total War, and the Raid on Randolph Tennessee, Western Kentucky University, Masters Thesis & Special Projects]

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Mary Lynne Williams with Kenny Faulk at Bozos Bar-B-Q in 2018
Mary Lynne Williams with Kenny Faulk at Bozos Bar-B-Q in 2018

My name is ML Williams. I am a hiking, fossil hunting, God loving, coffee drinking, hot fries eatin' middle school math teacher! I love researching my family history and, since my family is from Tipton County, I love researching the people and areas of Tipton.

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© 2018-2021 Tipton County, Tennessee
Mary Lynne Williams

Shelley, Barbara June Abbott

BARBARA JUNE ABBOTT SHELLEY | 52, of Drummonds, Tenn., clerk for Abbott Jewelry, died Thursday at Baptist Memorial Hospital – Tipton in Covington, Tenn. Services will be at 2 p.m. today at Munford (Tenn.) Funeral Home with burial in Poplar Grove Cemetery in Drummonds.  She leaves a daughter, Kimberly Ann Douglas, and a son, James D. Shelley, both of Atlanta; her parents, John and Reamonia Millican Abbot of Drummonds; a brother, Paul Abbott of Memphis, and five grandchildren.

[Barbara June Abbott Shelley; The Commercial Appeal; Memphis, Tenn; 14 Dec 2003; Pg 29]

Janie Reamonia Rann

JANIE REAMONIA RANN, 17, of Drummonds, Tenn., clerk for Abbott Diamond Enterprises, died Thursday at the Regional Medical Center at Memphis. Services will be at 2:30 p.m. Sunday at Munford (Tenn.) Funeral Home with Burial in Poplar Grove Cemetery in Drummonds. She was a member of Fellowship Baptist Church. She leaves her great-grandparents who raised her, Reamonia and John Abbott of Drummonds; a half-brother, John Abbot Peak of Texas, and her grandmother, Barbara Shelley of Drummonds.

[Janie Reamonia Rann; The Commercial Appeal; Memphis, Tenn; 20 Sep 2003; Pg 15]

John A Murrell Death

Lillian Oreed Smith

Lillian was born August 22, 1903, in Tipton County, Tennessee and died June 22, 1992, in Covington, Tennessee.  She married William Austin Rhodes, May 25, 1924.  William was born July 18, 1894, and died September 17, 1980.  Lillian taught school in the schoolhouse at Bethel as a very young woman.  Then she went to Memphis where she met and married Austin.  They operated drug stores, sometimes one and sometimes two, in north Memphis most of their adult lives.  One of the stores was on Leath Street very near Humes High School and the other was on Manassas Street.  Rather late in life, they bought the old Smith family house and four acres from Lillian’s mother, Della, and moved back to Tipton County.  They put in a hen house for laying hens and sold eggs until retirement.  Austin and Lillian never had any children.  They both are buried in the “New Part” of Bethel Cemetery.

[ from An Illustrated History of the People and Towns of Northeast Shelby County and South Central Tipton County, page 178]

Lillian Oreed Smith Rhodes Obituary

ATOKA – Lillian Smith Rhodes, 88, retired merchant, died Monday at Baptist Memorial Hospital-Tipton after a long illness.  Services will be at 11 a.m. Thursday at Munford Funeral Home with burial in Bethel Cemetery.  She was a member of Bethel Cumberland Presbyterian Church and Home Demonstration Club.  Mrs. Rhodes, the widow of Austin Rhodes, leaves a sister, Carmen Smith of Memphis, and two brothers, A. T. Smith of Atoka and Richard Smith of Gautier, Miss.

[Rhodes, Lillian Smith; The Commercial Appeal; Memphis, Tenn; 24 Jun 1992; Pg 11]

Delayed birth certificate Lillian Oreed Smith
Delayed birth certificate Lillian Oreed Smith
Lillian Oreed Smith and W A Rhodes Marriage License
Lillian Oreed Smith and W A Rhodes Marriage License
Lillian Oreed Smith Rhodes
Lillian Oreed Smith Rhodes
Richard Arnold Smith

Richard was born on June 29, 1912, and died in Pascagoula, Mississippi on June 3, 1994.  He married Zelma Wright on October 19, 1940.  Richard attended college at Georgia Tech in Atlanta.  I do not know if he got a degree or not.  After college, he went to work for Continental Gin Company as a sales engineer in Birmingham.  He and Zelma lived there for a long time.  He finally did transfer to Memphis and lived there for several years.  During his years with Continental Gin Company, he traveled a lot, even to India for several months to install a cotton gin there.  After a long career with Continental, they bought a small tourist court in Pascagoula and moved down there to operate it.  This facility consisted of several individual cottages scattered through a pine grove.  They did most of the work themselves, just hiring people to supplement in areas that they could not see after twenty-four hours per day.  Most of their clientele were extended stay types who worked on the shrimp boats that fished out of the Pascagoula harbor and construction workers who were there for several months at a time.  Of course, they did do some overnight business, too.  Later in life, when the work became too difficult, they sold the tourist court and retired to Dolphin Island where they lived until Richard died.  It is assumed that both Richard and Zelma are buried in Pascagoula, Mississippi.

[An Illustrated History of the People and Towns of Northeast Shelby County and South Central Tipton County]

Jackson County Memorial Park

Iva Electa Smith

Iva Electa was born April 20, 1901, and died December 24, 1991, in Savannah, Hardin County, Tennessee.  She married Lenvil Gordon Beaver on March 30, 1925.  He died February 21, 1949.  They lived in the community that was named after his family, Beaver, or sometimes referred to as Beaver Town.  There was a store and cotton gin, both of which he owned.  They lived in a house that sat across the road from the store.  They had five children: Lenvil Oneda, Iva Shirley, Steve, Carmen Theo, and Lemuel Gordon Beaver.  Gordon and Iva Electa are buried in Ravencroft Cemetery in Tipton County, Tennessee.

[An Illustrated History of the People and Towns of Northeast Shelby County and South Central Tipton County, page 178]

After the death of Gordon in 1949, Iva Electa married Jesse Ray Blakey on 21 Aug 1970.  Both the bride and the groom were 69 years of age.

Iva Electa passed away on 24 Dec 1991.  Her obit is below:

BRIGHTON – Electa Smith Beaver Blakey, 90, former teacher, died Tuesday at Hardin County General Hospital in Savannah.  Services will be at 1 p.m. Friday at Munford Funeral Home with burial in Ravenscroft Cemetery.  She was a member of Beaver Baptist Church, where she taught Sunday School and the Women’s Bible Class.  Mrs. Blakey, the widow of Gordon Beaver and J. R. Blakey, leaves three daughters, Lenvil Leadbetter of Savannah, Shirley Dyer of Clinton, Ill., and Carmen Harshfield of Somerville; a son, Gordon ‘Lem’ Beaver Jr. of Brighton; two sisters, Carmen Smith of Memphis and Lillian Rhodes of Savannah; two brothers, A. T. Smith of Atoka and Richard Smith of Gauthier, Miss., 15 grandchildren and five great-grandchildren.

Electa Smith Beaver Blakey; The Commercial Appeal; Memphis, TN; 26 Dec 1991; Pg 29
Electa Smith Beaver Blakey; The Commercial Appeal; Memphis, TN; 26 Dec 1991; Pg 29

 

Gordon and Electa Beaver's Headstone in Ravenscroft Cemetery
Gordon and Electa Beaver’s Headstone in Ravenscroft Cemetery
Delayed Birth Record Iva Electa Smith
Delayed Birth Record Iva Electa Smith
Electa Smith marriage to Lenvil Gordon Beaver
Electa Smith marriage to Lenvil Gordon Beaver
Electa Smith Beaver Marriage to Jesse Ray Blakey
Electa Smith Beaver Marriage to Jesse Ray Blakey
Carmen Theo Smith

Carmen was born on 24 Oct 1898 in Tipton County, Tennessee.  After graduating high school, Carmen moved to Memphis where she was a bookkeeper and secretary for William G. Smith.  William owned a refrigerator business.  They soon fell in love and where married on 24 Jun 1927.  William had three children from a previous marriage, and he and Carmen did not have any children.  They lived on E. Cherry Circle in Memphis.  According to Wayne Smith, their house was very nice and sat on about two acres of land.  Carmen died on 6 Feb 2000 in Shelby County, Tennessee.  Both William and Carmen are buried in Memorial Park Cemetery in Memphis, Tennessee.

Obituary for Carmen Theo Smith

Carmen T. Smith, 101, of Bartlett, retired bookkeeper for Smith’s Refrigeration Co., died of heart failure Sunday at Ave Maria Nursing Home.  Services will be at 1 p.m. today at Memorial Park Funeral Home with burial in Memorial Park.  She was a choir member at Broadmoor Baptist Church, taught Sunday school, and was a charter member at Sunset Baptist Church.  Mrs. Smith, the widow of William G. Smith, leaves a brother, A. T. Smith of Atoka, Tenn. The family requests that any memorials be sent to Bethel Cumberland Presbyterian Churchin Atoka.

Carmen T Smith; The Commercial Appeal; Memphis, Tenn; 8 Feb 2000; Pg 14
Carmen T Smith; The Commercial Appeal; Memphis, Tenn; 8 Feb 2000; Pg 14

 

Delayed Birth Certificate
Delayed Birth Certificate
1910 US Census
1910 US Census
1920 US Census
1920 US Census
1940 US Census
1940 US Census
1950 US Census
1950 US Census
Allie Perry Smith

Allie was born about 1865 and died on 10 Aug 1911.  Allie worked as a clerk in  a store in Randolph, Tennessee.  He never married.

There is an old rumor that Allie was shot and killed.  The suspect, a jealous husband, but no one was ever charged with the crime.  It seems, although an interesting story, this cannot be true as his death certificate states he died of Typhoid Fever.

Fannie Smith

Fannie was born in 1867.  She married John W Reeves (1862-1945) on 7 Feb 1889 in Tipton County, Tenn.  The couple had two children:  Baudine and Finis Henry Uric.  The Reeves family was instrumental in the growth of business and church affairs in Atoka.  John was a merchant for many years and he was very active in the civic projects of the town.  They were members of the Methodist Church, where Fannie taught Sunday school.  Their son, Finis, born 6 Aug 1895, was confined to a wheelchair because of a spinal injury he received as a child.  He died on 28 Jan 1924, at the at of 29. Fannie, John and Finis are buried in Bethel Cemetery.  Baudine, who was born 19 Nov 1893, married James C Smith (1891-1981) on 3 Sep 1916 in Tipton County, Tenn.  Baudine died in Dec of 1981 and is buried in Bethel Cemetery.

 

William Richard Smith

William was born February 16, 1863, and died 22 Oct 1900.  He married Lula Victoria Aycock.  The couple farmed between Tipton and Bethel on land they had purchased.  William and Lula had two daughters, Dorcas Smith and Gladys Smith, and one son, William R Smith who was born 16 Feb 1901, and died 25 Feb 1902.  William and Lula are buried in Bethel Cemetery in unmarked graves.  Their son, William, is buried in part “C” of the cemetery.  They are probably buried in that vicinity.

After William’s death, Lula married Walter Lyles. Walter had a child from a previous marriage named Helen.  Walter and Lula did not have children.

Edward Scott Smith

Edward was born 1860 and died in 1932.  He married Laura McCormick who was born 1859 and died in 1945.  They lived in Shelby County near the Tipton County line just south of Bethel Road.  They farmed, but the land was very poor and they did not do very well.  After their children were grown, Ed and Laura moved into a house located on Tipton Road between Tipton and Munford.  They are buried in the “C” section of Bethel Cemetery.  The children of Edward and Laura McCormick were daughter Myrtle and twins Roger B. and Rodney.

John Alexander Smith

John Alexander married Jarusha Dorcas Walker Oct. 28, 1959 in Tipton County, Tennessee.  She was the daughter of John and Frances Walker.  Jarusha was born July 20, 1842, and died April 24, 1917.  John and Jarusha are buried in the “B” section of Bethel Cemetery.

Arthur Theophilus Smith said that he always heard that John and Jarusha did not own the house and property where they were living when John died.  This property was located in Shelby County between Tracy Road and Mudville Road.  Today the road is known as Mulberry Road.  Somehow, Jarusha managed to raise seven children and purchase a portion of the property, at least the house and maybe some land.  The children of John A. and Jarusha Walker Smith were:  Edward Scott, William Richard, Allie, Fannie, Auther Theophilus, Wyatt Andrew and Johnny LeAndrew.